Not long ago, Director of the Department of Equipment Industry, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Mr. Wei Weizhen, at the 2016 Automotive and Information Communication Integration Development Forum, said that the “Intelligent Networked Vehicle Development Technology Roadmap†research has been basically completed, and will be released to the industry in August, which marks China’s intelligence. The top-level design of the network car has taken a big step forward.
The United States is one of the most advanced countries in the development of the world's intelligent network. This article will be taken by the smart car to see if the US government is planning to develop intelligent networked cars in the country.
In the 21st century, with the rapid development of communication technology, information technology and electronic technology, the United States will use the network-based car based on car-vehicle/vehicle-road communication as the core of the future transportation system, from the government, enterprises, research institutions and universities. At the level, a lot of research and application are carried out together.
On October 11, 2011, the US Department of Transportation began to conduct research and test "Connected Vehicle Technology." On May 22, 2012, the latest research by the US Department of Transportation showed that the driver technology "interconnected vehicle technology" affirmed its potential for safety. As a result, the United States officially opened up the scale for network research and application deployment. prelude.
Network-based vehicles based on vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-road communication have become the core technical means for the United States to solve the safety, mobility and environmental friendliness of transportation systems. Almost all of the projects currently being promoted by the US ITS Joint Project Office are related to network technology.
The United States is conducting specific research and industrialization applications from multiple aspects such as security application research, mobile application research, policy research, networked automotive technology research, and networked vehicle demonstration application engineering. There are three aspects of the end, the demand side and the environment side. The specific projects are divided into five dimensions.
First, security
(1) Safety application based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication
Reduce or mitigate 80% of light vehicle accidents through V2V communication technology; establish robust DSRC standards for safety applications; accelerate the development of vehicle V2V safety application technology.
1. Study the typical security application scenarios of V2V, and determine the functions, performance, and effectiveness indicators of the application.
2. Study V2V European compatibility, determine network security and / or infrastructure common needs
3. Develop safety income indicators
4. Develop prototypes of active security applications based on V2X, including front collisions, crossroad collisions, etc.
5. Research effective HMI technology
6. Research policy and legal and regulatory requirements
7. Develop and evaluate V2V safety applications for commercial vehicles, large trucks, and buses
(II) Networked vehicle safety application test verification
Gain empirical data on user acceptance, system effectiveness, and technology maturity; validate applications in real-world environments; build real-world environments for security, mobility, and environmental application development; and provide more research data for governments and industry.
1. Research equipment and integrated safety system specific requirements to ensure the consistency, security and message integrity of all types of vehicle communication standards
2. Verify the effectiveness of V2V and V2I through field testing of 3,000 networked vehicles
3. Analyze and evaluate the performance and advantages of technology and applications through test data
(3) Safety application based on vehicle-road communication
1. Use car-road communication V2I wireless technology to reduce, reduce or prevent an additional 12% of accident scenarios (V2V technology can not be solved)
1. Technology to develop information that supports transmission between vehicles and infrastructure
2. Select, develop and evaluate security applications
3. Infrastructure planning and policy research
Second, mobility
(1) Research on data acquisition and management
Research, develop and verify the acquisition and management of traffic information data; the first phase, from October 2009 to June 2011, the basic analysis; the second phase, from July 2011 to August 2014, research, development and testing; The third phase, from October 2015 to September 2017, pilot deployment and demonstration.
1. Stakeholder work collaboration plan
2. Joint research and development
3. Complete proof-of-concept testing and testing of standards, procedures, tools, and protocols
4. Data capture and management demonstration application
5. Indicators and methods for development evaluation
6: Share project survey results and processes with relevant stakeholders, and promote corresponding technologies by coordinating promotional activities and technologies
(2) Dynamic mobile application research
Manage and operate transportation systems based on the availability of new data sources and communication methods; establish an application data integration foundation to transform data into information, providing travellers and system operators with greater real-time access to traffic information systems, thereby Can make better decisions.
1. Stakeholder work collaboration plan
2. Project planning and coordination, including research foundations and development, institutional policies and standards
3. Application development, testing of standards, algorithms, tools and protocols
4. Centralized display and analysis
5. Share the findings and processes of this project with stakeholders
Third, connected car policy and institutional research
Ensure the successful and sustainable development of ITS; establish a security system, build a trust network among trusted users and appropriately preserve personal privacy; economic sustainable development strategy; coordinate different communication media to meet different communication needs; consumer-to-application and Acceptance of the process; compatibility of standards and certifications.
1.Information security policy for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) systems
2. Implementation analysis of V2V and V2I, including dynamic migration application (DMA), data capture and management (DCM), environment and applications (real-time information synthesis (AERIS))
3. Communication analysis and spectrum policy
4. Interoperability and Standards Policy
5. Data access and use
6. Automation
7. Emerging features
8. Policy compatibility and compatibility with international standards
Fourth, network communication vehicle technology research
(1) Standard research
Focusing on the automotive platform, developing and coordinating national standards and architectures, establishing a globally unified network of automotive standards; applying modern technology to provide a standardized need for vehicle and infrastructure construction to maximize safety and efficiency.
1. Revise and screen existing networked car standards
2. Update the above standards and test
3. Research and improve the quality of the standard to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the standard
4. Ensure coordination between standards, no contradiction
5. Design and train technicians to test according to these standards and establish standard test capabilities
(2) Human factors research
Apply advanced technology to provide early warning to drivers; control and reduce traffic accidents caused by driver distraction; evaluate driver behavior through common feature finding, experimental research and accident data analysis.
1. Study the distracting factors that cause drivers to be distracted and cause traffic accidents
2. Develop and evaluate performance indicators to mitigate driver distraction
3. Develop an integrated strategy that allows the driver to selectively pay attention to the hazard of the human-machine interface and reduce the driver's driving pressure.
4. Conduct long-term tests to develop early warning techniques for safe driving when drivers are distracted
5. Promote strategies to ensure that most people can accept
(3) Core system
Establish a trusted, secure data exchange system architecture
1. Solicit the requirements of the demander and establish the foundation of the core system
2. Evaluate core system concepts, system requirements, system architecture and verification tests
3. Conduct policy analysis to gain insight into the needs of establishing core systems and identify new issues
4. Develop the core system development plan through experimental results and policy analysis
(4) Certification
Work with industry to identify certification requirements, develop support testing methods and tools; develop a future plan and requirements to meet other possible requirements.
1.US DOT Opens the Symposium to Conduct Policy Research on Certification
2. Certification of technical issues such as equipment composition and human-machine interface requirements
3. Implement and supervise the certification process
(5) Test site
Continue to operate and manage the existing test site for testing by various agencies or private individuals; rebuild or upgrade the original experimental site as a model established in the future test site; develop and establish supporting operational requirements and management processes.
1. Establish test sites in multiple areas for testing
2. Establish an open test site for private testing
3. Reconstruct or upgrade the original experimental site as a model established in the future test site
V. Networked Vehicle Demonstration Project
Networked vehicle demonstration application project to verify the security and compatibility of network communication between vehicles, infrastructure and personal communication equipment; research pilot application integration and deployment, and test more than 20 networked automotive applications; stimulate the application of this technology And accepted by consumers; networked car cost-benefit assessment.
1. Vehicle safety, road safety, data, environment, road conditions and weather, mobility
2. Information Security Management and Certification
3. Networked automotive application development and test verification
4. Large-scale demonstration operation
5. Effect evaluation and impact analysis
6. Data demonstration application data
After reading the top-level design of the American smart car, do you think that China has a long way to go?
Battery holders are key components in many types of portable and anchored electrical items - and you`ll find just as many varieties, brands, sizes and types of battery holder available across global markets as there are different sorts of battery.
In this guide, we`ll look more closely at some of the various mounting styles a battery holder might come fitted with, as well as the many different cell sizes they`re designed to work with.
What is a battery holder?
Battery Holders & Mounts
A battery holder is most commonly sold as an integral or removable compartment or cavity, designed to be inserted into - or attached onto - a suitable item of cell-powered equipment.
The primary function of a battery holder is to keep cells fixed in place safely and securely while conveying power from the batteries to the device in question. External connections on battery holders are most often made by contacts either with pins, surface mount feet, soldered lugs or via a set of wire leads.
Battery holders are often designed to be incorporated within the body of an electrical item, but they`re also frequently sold as external compartments or attachments. Either way, some of the most important factors to consider when choosing an appropriate battery holder for a given application will be:
Battery size
Compatible cell types
Contact/terminal style
Battery mounting and insertion method
Unit size and shape
Battery holder cover and housing design
Build quality and manufacturer reputation
Holders and mounts for different battery sizes
Many different battery holder sizes and mounting types are available from manufacturers and suppliers all over the world. Most will be made to work with a particular sort of cell - or sometimes with a range of multiple battery sizes - and to be affixed to the electrical item in question in a specific way.
Bear in mind that, in addition to sorting through the wide variety of battery holder sizes and capacities on the market, you`ll also need to be mindful of the many options available in terms of actual battery chemistry.
While the vast majority of holders and mounts will be able to accommodate most battery chemistry types, each will have its own unique set of pros and cons in terms of performance, power drain, longevity, cost and environmental impact.
Common battery types sold by many suppliers might include:
Alkaline batteries
Lithium batteries
Rechargeable batteries (including li-ion)
Nickel cadmium batteries
Nickel metal hydride batteries
NiZN batteries
The above range of cell types is often available across a broad range of popular battery sizes and shapes, including both AA and AAA versions. Most, but not all, will be interchangeable in a wide range of devices, holders and mounts. However, it`s seldom advisable to combine mixed battery chemistries in a single electronic device.
Doing so can often impede device performance, as the item drawing power will only ever perform to the capabilities of the weakest battery in the holder. Of even greater concern is the fact that more powerful batteries can sometimes force weaker ones to work harder than they`re intended to, causing them to drain to very low voltage levels and possibly leading to potential leaking or rupture.
As such, it`s always wise to ensure you know which cell types you`re likely to be using in advance of making a purchase, as well as the correct sizing you`ll require.
AA Battery Holders & Mounts
An AA size battery holder is one of the more common types of battery storage compartments you`ll see on sale from UK suppliers. AA size (`double-A`), is what most people would typically think of as a `standard` battery, and remains extremely common in all kinds of portable electrical items and equipment.
AA battery pack holders can be manufactured to house any number of cells in theory, but in daily use it`s usually anywhere between 1-10 batteries, with 2-8 being by far the most popular options. AA single battery holders are also common.
Relatively few cell-powered tools or other pieces of electrical equipment will be designed to require more than 8 AA batteries for achieving sufficient power supply. Items that demand a higher power draw than this will usually be built around a larger cell type, for improved practicality and less frequent need for battery replacement or recharging.
AAA Battery Holders and Mounts
Battery holders for AAA cells, commonly referred to as `triple-A` are another very common configuration. AAA batteries are smaller and slimmer than AA versions, with around a third of the storage capacity.
Due to the increasing efficiency of many device types, AAA batteries are often found in more compact pieces of equipment that would typically have been expected to run off double-A cells in years gone by. Today, these will very often include low-drain portable or handheld electronic goods or tools, such as:
Remote controls
Mp3 players, handheld gaming systems and other portable entertainment devices
Digital cameras
Cordless mice or keyboards
Flashlights and other portable lighting units
Clocks and alarms
Kitchen gadgets
AAA battery holders are generally built to accommodate fewer individual cells than bigger units for housing AA and larger capacity batteries, as devices requiring more power will typically not run off triple-A cells.
An AAAA battery holder is a somewhat less common configuration, given that the much smaller than average AAAA (`quadruple-A` or `four-A`) cell standard drains considerably faster than AA or AAA equivalents.
C Battery Holders and Mounts
C size battery holders are designed around the fairly common C battery (sometimes known as an R14). This is a fairly wide diameter cylindrical cell, smaller than D batteries while being the same height - but significantly wider - than AA standard.
C cell batteries, holders and mounts are less widely used than either AA or D versions, particularly since power efficiency is continually improving across most cell-powered devices. However, they can still often be found on a range of medium-drain electronic items, including:
Heavier flashlights and smaller ambient lighting fixtures (e.g. table lamps)
Radios and portable speakers
Toys and games Musical instruments and amplifiers
D Battery Holders and Mounts
D batteries are among the larger types of `everyday use` cells you`ll commonly encounter around the home or workplace. D size batteries tend to be used for higher-drain devices that tend to be used for longer periods at a time, including:
High Power torches and flashlights
Safety systems
Geiger counters
Megaphones, larger musical instruments and more powerful audio devices or speakers
Motorised toys and portable gaming consoles
Products with inbuilt electric motors
Battery holders for D cells are most commonly sold in configurations designed to house either 2 or 4 individual batteries.
12V Battery Holders and Mounts
Battery holders for 12V cells are somewhat less widely available, chiefly because the 12V standard incorporates such a wide range of battery shapes and sizes, although 12V Battery Contacts themselves are more commonly sold as separate components (see Battery holder mounts, below).
The precise sort of 12V battery you might need for specific applications will dictate the appropriate form factor, which can be anything from a large heavy car battery type to one closely resembling a traditional AA cell.
With larger 12V batteries, in particular, it`s less common to need more than one at a time, and they`re generally built more intrinsically into the device or equipment being powered than other types of `snap in/out` batteries designed for frequent and quick replacement. This means that 12V battery holders and mounts aren`t as frequently sold by many UK suppliers as versions for other, more common cell types.
Battery holder mounts
Battery holder mounts usually refer to the way the battery holder itself is slotted, secured or attached onto or into the main body of the item being powered. Note, however, that the term `battery mount` is also used to refer to the method by which individual cells are held in place within the overall holder unit.
Battery holder mounts and battery mounts are usually present as an integral part of a complete holder unit, but you can also buy battery mounts cheaply as swap-out or replacement parts. They can come in many different configurations and designs, with some of the more common types being:
Chassis mount
Panel mount
PCB mount
Slide-in mount (usually refers to the battery insertion method)
Snap-in mount (usually refers to the battery insertion method)
Strap & lead mount (a battery connector, rather than a holder per se)
Surface mount
Through-hole mount
Wire lead mount (refers to connection type)
In this section, we`ll look at some of the most widely used battery mount types in everyday use
Chassis Mount Battery Holders
A chassis mount battery holder denotes one intended to be affixed to a surface plate within the main body of the device being powered, and will usually remain in place while batteries are being swapped. A chassis mount holder is usually attached either via fixing holes in the back of the casing - i.e. a through-hole mount - or via tabs located around the sides of the battery holder.
Chassis mount battery holders can be either metal or plastic, open faced or enclosed (i.e. with or without a cover), and are commonly designed to accept a wide range of cell sizes including AA, AAA, C, D and 9V PP3
Panel Mount Battery Holders
A panel mount battery holder is designed to be slotted into a pre-existing cavity in the side, top or back exterior panel of a device, and removed entirely as a single self-contained unit when it`s time to swap out the batteries. They`re often manufactured such that the cover of the battery holder will sit flush with the device`s panel once inserted
Panel mount battery holders are most commonly secured in place via one of two methods - either via a screw-in system for optimal stability or with a flange for easier removal and reinsertion.
PCB Mount Battery Holders
As the name implies, a PCB mount battery holder is intended for applications where the battery holder needs to be installed directly onto a printed circuit board
The most common design is for the PCB mount holder to include several small sharp pins around its perimeter - these are pushed directly through the surface of the PCB and then soldered on from the rear side
Holders for PCB mounted batteries can be made from metal or plastic. While they`re frequently built to accommodate single coin cells, such as you might find on a typical computer motherboard, they can also be configured to allow for multiple cells and other battery types, including cylindrical AAA, AA, C, or D cells
Slide In Mount Battery Holders
As noted above, a slide-in mount battery holder will generally refer to the way the individual cells are inserted into and removed from the battery holder as a whole.
Slide-in mounts are arguably the most common type of battery connection/terminal setup, requiring the user simply to `drop` the cells into place either lengthways or side-on, at which point they`re either held in place by opposing forces from the two terminals, or secured with a cover or cap
Slide-in battery mounts tend to be among the cheapest and most cost-effective choices to buy in the UK for quickly and simply inserting a cell into an appropriate holder. They work reliably well, and are most often seen in molded plastic or metal battery holders incorporating self-contained battery compartments.
Snap-In Mount Battery Holders
A snap-in mount battery holder (sometimes called snap-on, depending on the manufacturer or supplier) denotes a terminal/contact setup where the cell is held more securely in place.
This is usually achieved using tensioned metal clips, sometimes incorporating springs, through which the battery needs to be pushed with a small amount of force before it clicks into place ready for use. Snap-in battery mounts give the device greater protection against accidental cell power loss during movement, vibration and shock
The term `snap-in` or `snap-on` is also widely used to refer to the standard contact types used on 9V cells (see Strap and lead battery holders, below).
Strap And Lead Battery Holders
Strap and lead battery holders aren`t actually holders per se, but rather a method of directly attaching a freestanding cell to an electronic device or motor without the use of an entire housing unit.
They generally consist of a wire, which is designed to be hooked up to the circuitry of the device via tinned ends, combined with a flat plastic terminal pad that attaches to the contacts of a battery via two press studs
The strap and lead battery holder type is most often used with 9V PP3 cells, allowing the cell to be lifted clear away from the main body of the item for removal, replacement or reattachment.
Surface Mount Battery Holders
A surface mount battery holder is designed to sit flat on any internal or external panel or plate, either around or inside the device being powered, and is generally open-faced.
Holders of this type are most often seen as a mounting solution for coin-type batteries with button terminal contacts, in applications where the cell doesn`t need to be connected directly to a PCB.
Types of battery holders
Once the correct size and mount style of battery holder has been chosen for your intended application and device, it`s also important to be aware of the different physical designs available for various battery holder types. In the section below, we`ll outline some of the more common versions.
Clip battery holders
A battery holder clip is a simple, economical choice for mounting batteries securely within a holder. They tend to consist of two metal arms, arranged in a loop with a small gap at the apex, through which the cells are pushed and subsequently held in place. Clip battery holders tend to be most often associated with common cylindrical batteries such as AA and AAA, but are also sold for securing C, D and 9V PP3 cells into position.
Contact battery holders
Contact battery holders refer to the simple tension-type terminal contact plates and accessories (including coil springs, button, top spring arm and leaf spring contact types) that hold a battery in place while allowing it to deliver power to the device drawing from it.
Again, these are cheap and cost-effective components widely available as separate swap-in or replacement parts that can be used to fit a very wide range of different cell sizes and battery holder types.
Through Hole Surface Mount Battery Holders
A through-hole surface mount battery holder is a common variation on the type outlined above, except it`s affixed to the surface of the device in question via a hole in the housing rather than via tabs around the perimeter. This makes the through-hole version better suited to applications where space is at a premium.
Wire Lead Mount Battery Holders
Wire lead mount battery holders denote a particular type of external connection between the battery holder itself and the circuitry of the device being powered. A wire lead mount battery holder will be supplied with two leads attached to the holder at one end, with the other ends free to be hooked into the circuitry of the device as the holder is attached.
This can offer greater flexibility in terms of battery holder mounting locations than certain pin or foot connection types, which must make immediate contact with the circuit wherever the holder is positioned.
Battery Holders
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