At present, many engineering and procurement personnel of lighting manufacturers, and even the company's CEOs, understand the understanding of LED power supply is very one-sided. This has brought great obstacles to the procurement and use of LED power. In addition to the waste of time, energy and manpower, and finally the phenomenon of product mismatch, it is futile. Liao Yuzhu, general manager of Dongguan Lingguan Semiconductor Co., Ltd., who develops LED driver power , has summarized the following common mistakes based on his own rich experience and observations on the market:
1. Insufficient understanding of safety regulations and EMC
Some companies tend to pay attention to safety regulations and ignore EMC. As a result, many products have “eaten big losses†on EMC and are finally returned by terminal customers. At present, many procurement personnel often only ask manufacturers whether they have UL/SAA safety regulations. However, many manufacturers on the market are applying for UL/SAA safety regulations first, but their products cannot actually pass EMC and EMS, that is, they have not passed the US mandatory. FCC and Australia's C-TICK.
The reason is that UL/SAA safety regulations are not technically difficult for manufacturers, because UL certification controls product safety, including insulation, temperature rise, etc., as long as the manufacturer has relevant documentation support and sufficient input costs, basically can pass Certification. The FCC/C-TICK's EMC is different. On the one hand, because the conduction interference, radiation interference and anti-interference of each power supply product require high technology to solve, the difficulty is increased a lot; on the other hand, EMC actually There are still contradictions with UL safety regulations, resulting in a long time span, and EMC is inconsistent with the efficiency of the power supply, which has a great impact on the temperature rise of the power supply. Therefore, in order to seize the market and cater to the needs of the "unidentified" procurement personnel, some manufacturers apply for the UL safety regulations of the products first, and then apply for EMC certification and rectification. Once they cannot pass the EMC, even if they need to be rectified, then I am afraid that it is a very minor change, it is ineffective for UL, not recognized! Eventually, when they landed on the end customers, they were unable to pass the ENERGY STAR and DLC testing certifications. Even after the products entered the US market, they were randomly selected and could not be returned through the FCC.
In summary, the root cause of this phenomenon is that the US UL certification is voluntary application, which is non-mandatory certification, but the US market has a higher recognition of UL, and many domestic power supply manufacturers are catching this. A bit of loopholes, opportunistic, directly skip the US mandatory FCC certification to cater to the market's "appetite", did not tie the two certifications together; while the European CE and China's 3C certification is different, both safety and EMC are parallel Mandatory.
Therefore, please pay attention, do not think that UL is a high-level certification, in fact, hidden mystery, especially in the current aggressive and impetuous LED market , to be particularly careful and careful screening. Different from these opportunistic power companies, Dongguan Lingguan power supply products are the first to pass the EMC test and then go to the UL certification application, which is more reasonable and principle.
2. Efficiency and PFC (power factor)
Let us first explain the efficiency, which is the ratio of the output power to the input active power. This is a very important parameter for the LED driver . The larger the value, the lower the heat of the power supply, which can improve the light efficiency and service life of the overall luminaire, and also reduce the electricity bill for the end consumer.
The power factor is the ratio of the input active power to the total input power, and some of the power that is not used by the powered device is called reactive power, and the sum is the total input power. Now ENERGY STAR has certain requirements for PF, but it is not too strict. Both European and domestic requirements are based on traditional lamps. Only 25W or so has specific requirements. The higher the PF, the higher the power utilization rate of the grid. If the same amount of electricity is sent, it can be satisfied by using a thin copper wire to save power generation costs. This is of great help to the national grid, but it does not affect consumers. Big, but efficiency is more about individual consumers.
Electric vehicle batteries are designed to be more robust, as they carry a heavier load and last much longer. Of course, they`re also a little more expensive than your average Iphone Battery.
It`s no secret that batteries represent a large chunk of EV change, and are presumed to be one of the bigger stumbling blocks to EV ownership.
Of course, cell prices and battery pack prices are two different entities. A battery pack includes individual cells, supporting structure, a cell cooling system and a battery management system.
To understand what impacts a battery`s life, it`s important to first understand how it works. EV batteries are lithium based – when they are charged and discharged once, it`s called a cycle. A battery`s capacity will degrade as the cycle number increases. And battery life is measured in those cycles, with the industry standard of cycles close to 80 percent considered a benchmark.
EV Battery - Eectric Vehicle Batteries
24v 18650, 18650 48v, battery package, ebike bms
Ji'an Powercom New Energy Co., Ltd. , https://www.expowercome.com