Transformers are essential measuring devices that step down high voltage and high current to safe, manageable levels for measurement and protection. For instance, if the input voltage is 800A/6kV but the connected device operates at 5A/380V, a transformer is necessary to convert these values. Due to the geographical distance between power generation and consumption, electricity must be transmitted at high voltages and currents over long distances. However, the electrical equipment used is typically rated for much lower voltages and currents. Therefore, it's crucial to convert the high voltage and large current from the grid into the standard levels required by the devices.
If 10,000 volts are transmitted over a distance of 300 kilometers, the voltage at the far end can significantly exceed the rated capacity of the connected devices. This necessitates the use of transformers to safely reduce the voltage and current to levels that match the device’s specifications. Transformers also help manage differential pressure and flow differences between various components in the system.
To ensure the safe and efficient operation of the power system, measuring instruments are installed to monitor key electrical parameters such as voltage, current, power, and energy. When dealing with high-voltage or high-current systems, direct measurement is not only impractical but also dangerous. Using a transformer allows for accurate and convenient measurement by scaling down the values to a level suitable for standard instruments.
The main functions of a transformer include:
1. Converting high voltage to a safer, standardized level (e.g., 100V) and reducing large currents to smaller, manageable values (e.g., 5A).
2. Providing electrical isolation between the high-voltage primary circuit and the low-voltage secondary circuit, ensuring the safety of both personnel and equipment.
3. Allowing for the standardization of instrument design, eliminating the need to custom-build meters for different voltage and current levels.
4. Enabling the use of relay protection systems that detect zero-sequence current and voltage for ground fault detection.
There are two main types of measuring transformers: voltage transformers and current transformers. Their principles and structures are similar to those of conventional small transformers. They are commonly used with AC instruments to extend the range of measurements and offer several advantages:
1. They isolate the high voltage, making measurements safer.
2. They reduce the power consumption of the measuring instruments.
3. They help lower equipment costs by enabling the use of standardized, lower-rated devices.
4. They allow for versatile, multi-purpose metering applications.
By using transformers, engineers can ensure accurate, reliable, and safe measurement across a wide range of electrical systems.
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