As a comprehensive venue for the stadium, the lighting requirements are also versatile. Not only must meet the requirements of competitions and live broadcasts of various sports events, but also meet the visual requirements of sports, staff and on-site audiences. At the same time, in addition to hosting sports events, the stadium will also host a variety of commercial performances, such as music concerts, concerts, large-scale events, etc., indoors should ensure sufficient illumination. In order to increase the value of the stadium, the versatile design can convert the highest added value with the most economical cost. In order to ensure the specific requirements of vertical illuminance, illuminance uniformity, spatial brightness distribution and modeling stereoscopic, color temperature and color rendering, the stadium sports venue lighting needs to be compared in multiple schemes. The lighting design of the stadium includes two aspects, namely whether it can meet the requirements of illumination standards and lighting quality. This is the main indicator for evaluating the lighting of a stadium. .
In addition to the structure and materials of the stadium, stadium lighting has strict requirements on the ground materials, space height, illuminance, temperature, ventilation and sound of the stadium. Among them, lighting configuration is an extremely important part of the stadium design.
Lighting design points
1.1 Factors affecting stadium lighting
In order to ensure adequate illumination in the stadium, designers must consider the following factors:
1) Illumination: In addition to ensuring the normal performance of the athletes, the reasonable illuminance of the referees ensures that the audience in front of the TV and the TV can watch the game comfortably. Different sports also require different illumination. The illuminance required for sports events, business activities, etc. is also different.
2) Illumination uniformity: The ratio of the minimum illuminance value to the maximum illuminance value is illuminance uniformity. Whether it is an indoor stadium or an open-air stadium, the requirements for lighting are very high. For example, in basketball courts, the middle ground often gathers more lights, but the areas with excessive illumination often produce glare, and the rebound area often The brightness of the light will be weak, ensuring the uniformity of the illumination of the overall venue, which plays a vital role in the level of the athletes.
3) Glare: Glare refers to visual conditions in the field of view that are unsuitable for brightness distribution, or extreme brightness contrast in space or time, resulting in visual discomfort and reduced object visibility. There is a bright feeling in the field of vision that the human eye can't adapt, which has a great impact on the athletes, especially the ball sports. The athletes cannot accurately determine the ball landing point.
In order to ensure uniform illumination at all angles and prevent indoor glare, the elevation angle of the stadium's light-emitting point to the illuminator must be greater than 45°, but since the current stadium's light source is set at a higher position and more dispersed, in order to prevent athletes or The audience caused direct shooting, and now the stadium will use the computer to calculate the light-emitting point to ensure the uniformity and distribution of the light. Indoor glare can also be caused by different floor materials or the reflection of the water surface of the swimming pool, so it is also possible to add a grille or a baffle to the luminaire to reduce glare.
4) Light distribution: The stadium lighting distribution is scattered, mainly divided into viewing area and competition area. However, because the athlete's range of motion is not only a flat ground floor, vertical lighting has a greater impact on athletes. Because of the reasonable control of the illuminance of the lamp, it is also necessary to make a reasonable plan for the location of the light distribution, and to ensure the lighting requirements of the auditorium under the premise of ensuring the athletes' competition.
5) Light source characteristics: The degree to which the light source appears to the color of the object is called color rendering, that is, the degree of color fidelity. The light source with high color rendering has better color reproduction, and the color we see is closer to the natural primary color. The light source with low color rendering has poor color reproduction, and the color deviation we see is also large. The light source in the stadium should ensure better color rendering, allowing athletes to have more accurate judgments.
1.2 Illumination requirements
Athletes, spectators, and venue photography have different illumination requirements. The vertical illuminance at the side of the athlete's playing field is used as the basic reference illuminance. The most basic illumination can meet the requirements of the athletes' competition and the viewing requirements of the audience and the live broadcast requirements of the competition. When the horizontal illumination and the vertical illumination of the sports field are equal, the visual effect is the most comfortable. Even if it is not equal, the horizontal illumination cannot exceed 2 times of the vertical illumination. Because the gymnasium is a three-dimensional space, the lighting of the indoor stadium must have high brightness and strong color contrast. The computer control light control points should have sufficient illumination to ensure uniform illumination, color temperature and color rendering must meet The need for television broadcasts, while controlling glare.
1.3 Light color and color rendering
In the design of the light source, the light color of the placed light is different, and the obtained lighting effect is different. Therefore, in addition to the illumination and other factors, the light color and color rendering of the light source should be analyzed, and appropriate light sources should be used according to different motion contents.
Light source and lamp selection
2.1 Light source selection
The gymnasium undertakes various sports events, so it is necessary to coordinate the light source arrangement according to the requirements of different sports activities. Generally speaking, the sports activities organized by indoor sports venues fall into two categories, one is sports activities requiring a large space, such as basketball, volleyball, table tennis, etc., and the other is competitions with low space activities, including : Fencing, skating, weightlifting, swimming, boxing, wrestling, judo, etc. However, as a common venue for various activities, stadiums must take into account the functions of sports and business activities. In order to avoid the impact of glare on athletes, the position of the lights should be strictly controlled and baffles should be installed for all types of monitors.
The interior space of the stadium is relatively empty, and the ceiling is high. Except for some non-artificial light sources, most of the light sources use HID light sources with high luminous flux.
Multi-functional comprehensive gymnasiums must be equipped with dimming devices and control loops to change the lighting mode and illumination to match different lighting uses and stage effects.
2.2 Lamp selection
The lighting source of the stadium can be used in various types of lamps such as incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, etc. These light sources have certain advantages, but they also have certain limitations. For example, stadium lighting requires higher color rendering and color temperature to meet the needs of television broadcasting, and the light source should ensure the most sufficient light intensity under the premise of the most energy-saving, in line with the principle of saving design. After years of research and practice, metal halide lamps are widely used in the world as sports lighting sources. The small gymnasium has a lower ceiling and more incandescent lighting.
In addition to the type of lamps, the stadium also chooses the lighting efficiency according to the lighting efficiency of the lamps. The commonly used combination of deep-illuminated, oblique-illuminated or floodlights can ensure the illumination of the horizontal plane and ensure vertical. The illuminance of the face.
Due to the large space of indoor gymnasiums, most of the light sources use the method of adding reflectors to improve the light efficiency and intensity. However, due to the intense sports such as balls, most of them need to be equipped with a protective net for the light source. Moreover, the position of the ceiling is high, and the lamps have certain difficulties in installation, maintenance and maintenance. In many stadium designs, lifting devices are used to allow the luminaires to be lowered to the ground for repair and maintenance. Generally divided into manual lifting and electric lifting. Because it is convenient to install and maintain, it has been adopted by many stadium designers. Nowadays, in addition to installing the lamps on the ceiling, the domestic gymnasiums can be installed on the ceiling frame structure according to the structure of the gymnasium.
Lighting control and lighting layout
3. 1 lighting control
The lighting of the comprehensive gymnasium must not only meet the requirements of various sports events, but also suit the daily training of athletes, pre-match training, various gatherings and commercial performances. There should be a lighting control room in the stadium to observe the lighting of the venue. Nowadays, many gymnasiums use computer intelligent lighting control, and the staff can control the lights conveniently. Different lighting requirements can meet different requirements according to the control lighting circuit scheme. The more the stadium is used, the more complex the lighting configuration.
The lighting control system of the comprehensive stadium should have the following characteristics:
1) The light source has good color temperature and color rendering, and the illumination is sufficient to meet the daily training and competition needs of the athletes; 2) Improve the lighting layout scheme, simplify the operation steps, thereby reducing the running cost; 3) In addition to the basic lighting requirements, In order to cooperate with various business activities, lighting should be fashionable.
3.2 Lighting layout plan
1) In the lighting layout scheme, the site plan is analyzed in detail , and analyzed and calculated by computer. Through reasonable lighting arrangement and different lighting modes, the requirements of different levels of competition and commercial activity illumination are achieved.
2) Arrangement of the horse track. The design considers the arrangement of 2 main roads above the vertical competition venue and 2 horse tracks above the longitudinal auditorium. The four horse tracks are connected to each other and the lamps are installed on both sides of the road.
3) Emergency lighting and lighting arrangement. Due to a sudden power outage due to special reasons, the backup power supply must ensure the illumination of the emergency lights to help the athletes and spectators in the venue to evacuate.
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