A fingernail-sized chip can contain over a billion transistors, buried deep within. As a cornerstone of modern technology, this tiny component is often referred to as the "food and grass" of a nation's industry. In recent years, China's electronic information sector has experienced rapid growth, yet it has repeatedly faced challenges in "core technologies," often being constrained by foreign giants. For over a decade, chip imports have surpassed oil, becoming China's largest import item, symbolizing the phrase "thousands of knots in the core."
This situation began to shift in recent years. Chinese chips are now breaking through foreign monopolies, some even making their way overseas and impressing the global community. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the need for the government to play a more active role in promoting new industrialization and informatization. It called for accelerating independent innovation in key information technologies, advancing research on cutting-edge areas like core chips, and seizing the commanding heights in the digital era.
The "core disease" is worse than action. In the spring of 2015, a shocking event shook the global supercomputing world when the U.S. Department of Commerce banned Intel Xeon server chips from four Chinese supercomputer centers. Analysts saw this as a targeted move against China’s Tianhe-2 supercomputer. However, this restriction pushed China to develop its own technology. By 2017, Chinese supercomputers had taken the top spot in the world's top 500 list, dominating both in total number and performance.
Li Bin, General Manager of the High-Performance Computing Division at China Dawning, stated that domestically produced processors match or even exceed foreign ones in performance. The "Shenwei Taihu Light" supercomputer, built with Chinese chips, demonstrated strong computational power. Bernd More, Chairman of the 2017 Supercomputing Conference, noted that the U.S. decision was a mistake, as it forced China to develop its own chips, eventually creating a new competitor.
China's breakthroughs in supercomputing reflect the broader progress in domestic chip R&D. For years, China spent billions importing chips due to a lack of core technology. Data shows that since 2006, chip imports have exceeded oil, becoming the largest import product. From 2013 to 2016, annual chip imports surpassed $200 billion, with 2016 reaching $227.02 billion—double the value of crude oil imports that year.
Due to long-term reliance on foreign technology, China has prioritized "Made in China" over "Imported Core." Strong chips mean strong industries and economic prosperity. Solving the "core pain" requires careful planning and real action. "Made in China 2025" focuses on upgrading integrated circuit design, enriching IP cores, and breaking through key universal chips. Major national projects have been launched, including "nuclear high-level devices" and "large-scale integrated circuit manufacturing equipment," driving research and development across institutions and enterprises.
With strong policy and financial support, Chinese companies have made significant breakthroughs. For example, Shanghai's wafer-ball-planting equipment and Ningbo Jiangfeng Electronics' high-purity sputtering targets have broken foreign monopolies and seen rapid growth. Today, China's chip market is the largest globally, reaching about $200 billion in 2016, with its share of the global market rising from 8.6% in 2010 to 21.1% in 2015.
Despite these achievements, challenges remain. While China is gradually unraveling the "core knot," it still lags behind developed countries in certain areas. For instance, most supercomputers use Intel chips, and China relies heavily on imported memory chips. In the CPU field, only Huawei uses domestic chips. To address these gaps, national science and technology projects aim to advance chip manufacturing and support the development of strategic products.
Ye Tianchun, Director of the Institute of Microelectronics, emphasized the importance of accelerating major projects to develop key technologies like high-end general-purpose chips. Industry experts believe that if China maintains its current growth rate, it could become a major challenger to U.S. chip giants in the future. The journey to full independence in chip technology is ongoing, but the path is clear, and the momentum is strong.
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