First, LED introduction
LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a solid-state compound semiconductor component, the Chinese name is "light-emitting diode". The core of the light-emitting diode is a wafer composed of a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor. There is a transition layer pn junction between the p-type semiconductor and the n-type semiconductor, and minority carriers and majority carriers are injected (respectively Negatively charged electrons and positively charged holes) release excess energy in the form of light when combined, thereby directly converting electrical energy into light energy, so it is a cold light that does not require warming time, and has electricity consumption, Long life, fast response, small size, high reliability, and good durability. LED is widely used in flat display backlights, portable equipment backlights, indoor and outdoor display screens, architectural decorative lighting, instrument indicators, traffic lights, automotive lighting, infrared equipment and other markets. In recent years, it has become the fastest growing optoelectronic industry. One of the areas.
LED industry supply chain mainly includes LED substrate material (Sapphire), upstream LED epitaxial (Epiwafer) production, midstream LED chip (Chip) manufacturing, downstream LED chip packaging (Packaging), LED terminal application and other aspects. Among them, the epitaxial technology content is the highest, the chip is second, and the whole accounts for about 70% of the LED product manufacturing cost. The color and brightness of the LED product's illumination are basically determined when the epitaxial output is produced.
Second, the LED industry and technology landscape
At present, the global LED industry market is close to 10 billion US dollars, and initially formed an industrial structure centered on Asia, North America and Europe, with Japan's Nichia, Toyoda Gosei, and US The five major manufacturers of CREE, Philips Lumileds and OSRAM are the core technological competition. The five major manufacturers avoid patent disputes through interactive authorization, and each has its own advantages in technology, but they all focus on the high-end market in their respective fields. The total market share of the five companies exceeds 50%. Other manufacturers mainly engage in the manufacturing of mid- to high-end, low-end and low-end products by obtaining unilateral authorization from these manufacturers to avoid patent disputes, thus forming the center-outer pattern of the LED industry.
In 2009, according to the regional division of global LED output value, Japan accounts for about 44% of the world, Taiwan accounts for about 25% of the world, followed by North America, Europe, and other regions, accounting for 12% and 9% of the world respectively. 10%. If you look at it in LED package, it is Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, China, and the United States, which account for 33%, 17%, 15%, 11%, and 10% of the world respectively. If you do not include LED alone. Epitaxial wafer and chip manufacturers, the world's top ten LED packaging plants in 2009 are Nichia, OSRAM, CREE, Samsung LED, Philips Lumileds, Seoul Semiconductor ( Seoul Semi), Stanely, Everlight, Toyoda Gosei, Lite-on.
Third, the development history of Taiwan LED industry
Taiwan's LED industry has developed to the present, and has a history of more than 30 years. Early from the downstream packaging industry, and then to the middle and upstream development, and gradually involved in the chip and extension industry, thus establishing a complete LED upstream and downstream industry chain. At present, Taiwan is the second largest LED production area after Japan, and its output ranks first in the world (about 40-45%), and its output value ranks second in the world (about 25%).
In 1972, Texas Instruments set up its first LED packaging line in Taiwan to bring the LED industry to Taiwan. In the following 1974, TI ended its LED packaging line in Taiwan. In 1975, Lite-On Electronics established an LED packaging production line, becoming the first company in Taiwan to invest in the LED industry, and officially opened the road to LED industry in Taiwan.
The initial development of Taiwan's LED industry is mainly based on the packaging business of LED downstream. The extension and chip of the upper and middle reaches are mainly supplied by the US and Japanese manufacturers. In 1976, Wanbang successfully developed (GaAsP/GaAs) LED chips. The company soon introduced orange yellow (GaAsP/GaAs) and red-green (GaP/GaP) LED series, and then the chip-based manufacturer Ding Yuan was established in 1983 and 1987 respectively, and Taiwan gradually entered the mid-stream of the LED industry, namely the manufacturing of chips.
As for the upstream extension, in 1993, the National Institute of Optoelectronics (IEK) photoelectric technology was transformed into the National Association of Optoelectronics (UEC), became the island's first upstream epitaxial plant, and officially cut into the upstream, but at the time only produced four The meta-product is the blue-light extension part, and then through the technical diffusion of the Institute of Technology, in 1996, ITRI and the island's downstream packaging factory jointly established the Jingyuan Optoelectronics. At the same time, the Taiwan LED industry, which was promoted by the US returnees, began to develop in the upstream direction and focused on MOCVD epitaxial growth technology. So far after more than 20 years of continuous development, Taiwan has established a complete LED upstream and downstream industrial chain.
Fourth, Taiwan's LED industry development pattern
Since 2001, the upstream manufacturers of Taiwan's LED industry have significantly reduced the out-of-sale direct sales. This is because the amount of investment in the mid-stream chip production equipment is much smaller than that of the upstream epitaxial metal-vapor deposition (MOCVD) production equipment, and the chip quality is good or bad. At the time of epitaxial output, 70% has been decided, and the technology is also simpler, which leads most of the upstream manufacturers to mainly supply LED chips. Since then, Taiwan's LED industry has been integrated into a two-stage division of the upper, middle and lower reaches, chip and downstream packaging.
In 2005, the combination of Yuan arsenic and bismuth, and the combination of Jingdian and Guolian to form Xinyuan arsenic and Xinjingdian were major events in the LED industry in Taiwan, marking the entry of Taiwan's LED industry into the merger and acquisition stage. At the same time, as the industry is generally optimistic about the prospects of LEDs used in TFT-LCD backlights, Taiwan's major LCD panels, backlight modules and backlight manufacturers have implemented cross-industry alliance strategies with LED manufacturers, Chi Mei, AUO, and UMC. TSMC, Hon Hai, Delta Electronics, Huaxin Lihua, and Formosa Plastics all cut into the LED industry chain through investment. After this wave of alliances, Taiwan LEDs gradually divided into several major forces such as Xinjingdian and Xinyuan arsenic. In September 2006, Jingyuan Optoelectronics, Yuan Arsenic Optoelectronics and Lianhe and AUO's investment in Lianyong Optoelectronics officially established a new epoch photoelectric, and Xinjing Electric became the world's largest red LED manufacturer. The fourth-largest blue LED manufacturer has ended the chaotic situation of the LED industry's small factories.
On the whole, after more than 30 years of development, Taiwan's LED industry has formed a pyramid structure, that is, the industrial output value is the largest in the downstream, the middle is the second, and the upstream is the smallest. In recent years, the output value of the upper and middle reaches has been growing steadily year by year and the proportion has exceeded 40% of Taiwan's total LED output value, indicating that Taiwan is moving to the upper and middle reaches of the industrial chain with a higher technical level, and the downstream package is relatively mature. The words are lower, so many manufacturers have moved production lines such as traditional LED bulbs and low-end surface-adhesive (SMD) LEDs to the mainland.
At present, there are more than 200 manufacturers in the LED industry chain in Taiwan. Among them, the epitaxy and chips of the upper and middle reaches mainly include crystal power, Guanggao, Yuyuan, Taigu, New Century, Huashang, Liansheng and other manufacturers. There are mainly manufacturers such as Guanglei and Dingyuan. The downstream packaging mainly includes Yiguang, Guangbao, Dongbei, Jintai, Qihong, Hongqi, Advanced, Huaxing, Guangding, Yingbao, South Asia and Lizhou. At the same time, there are also manufacturers focusing on high-power LED packaging and lighting, such as Edison, Yanjing, Hailier, Qiqi and other manufacturers. In addition, TFT-LCD panel manufacturers including AUO, Chi Mei and CPT have also laid out LED industry: AUO Group has LED epitaxial factory Ronda, packaging factory Kaiding and Power League, and Chimei Group has Keli responsible for extension , chip, package, Huaying's backlight module factory Fuhua also cut into LED packaging and lighting in 2008. In terms of LED peripheral materials and equipment, Taiwanese manufacturers also have deep involvement, including lead frames, gold wires, phosphors, substrates and MOCVD equipment. The main manufacturers have an interpretation, Jin Li, Jiu Jie, Zhen Kai, Han Chang, Jing Xiang Wait.
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