Data communication protocol, also known as data communication control protocol, refers to a set of rules and conventions that ensure accurate and reliable data exchange between two parties in a communication network. These protocols define the format, sequence, and speed of data transmission, as well as mechanisms for confirming or rejecting data, detecting errors, retransmitting information, and managing data flow. There are two main types: character-oriented protocols, such as BSC (Binary Synchronous Communication), which are used in low-speed systems, and bit-oriented protocols like HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) and SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control), which are more advanced and widely used in modern networks.
A data communication protocol is a set of standardized procedures that enable efficient and accurate communication between devices in a data network. Unlike traditional telegraph and telephone communication, which involved human interaction, data communication involves machine-to-machine or human-to-machine exchanges. In this context, "machine" typically refers to computers. The communication process is fully automated and must follow strict pre-defined rules, such as how data is formatted, transmitted, and acknowledged.
Basic communication protocols are commonly used in simple, low-speed environments with transmission rates below 9600 bps, often operating in asynchronous or half-duplex modes. Error detection is usually done using parity checks. On the other hand, advanced protocols like HDLC use structured frame formats, ensuring high reliability and efficiency. They operate at higher speeds, typically between 2.4 kbps and 64 kbps, in full-duplex synchronous mode, and employ cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) for error detection.
Communication protocols are typically organized into layers, as defined by the ISO OSI model. In utility data networks, the focus is mainly on the first three layers: physical, data link, and network. For example, X.25, a widely used protocol in packet-switched networks, is built upon these layers.
One key feature of data communication protocols is their hierarchical structure, where each layer handles specific functions while maintaining independence from others. Another characteristic is that they are standardized—either internationally (like CCITT or ISO standards) or by individual companies. These standards ensure compatibility and interoperability across different systems.
In today’s networks, several protocols are commonly used, including NETBEUI, IPX/SPX, and TCP/IP. NETBEUI was designed for small workgroups and lacks routing capabilities, making it unsuitable for large enterprise networks. IPX/SPX, developed by Novell, supports routing but has limitations in scalability due to broadcast traffic. TCP/IP, however, is the most widely used protocol, especially for connecting to the Internet. It was originally developed for the U.S. Department of Defense and is known for its robustness and flexibility. Despite some performance trade-offs, it remains the backbone of global communications.
As the internet continues to grow, the need for more addressing space has led to the development of IPv6, which will eventually replace IPv4. Overall, data communication protocols play a crucial role in enabling seamless and secure digital communication across the world.
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