In a typical environment where gas molecules and solid surfaces coexist, countless collisions occur every second. However, the interaction between molecules and solid surfaces during these collisions may not be what you expect.
When a molecule approaches and collides with a solid surface from any direction, two possible outcomes can happen. Either the molecule bounces off like a billiard ball hitting the cushion of a pool table, or it temporarily sticks to the surface. This temporary attachment is very brief, and the molecule eventually detaches at an angle that has no direct relationship with the angle of impact. In most cases, the latter scenario—where the molecule adheres briefly—is more common.
Because gas molecules continuously collide with the solid surface and remain there for only a short time, the concentration of gas on the surface becomes higher than in the surrounding gas phase. This process is known as adsorption. You can think of it as when a surface is exposed to gas, the gas molecules will naturally adhere to it. Upon closer inspection of the molecular adsorption process, you'll notice that both the solid material and the adsorbed molecules vibrate. These vibrations occur because the average kinetic energy of a molecule is zero only at absolute zero temperature. Once adsorbed, the gas molecules rest on the "reaction" surface until they are released back into the gas phase. During this time, the adsorbed molecules may collide with multiple other adsorption sites before finally leaving the surface. The frequency and intensity of these movements are directly influenced by the temperature of the solid surface and the kinetic energy of the molecules.
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